قراءة كتاب مخططات اتوكاد لمبنى المحكمة التجارية المؤلف مجهول اون لاين

قراءة كتاب مخططات اتوكاد لمبنى المحكمة التجارية pdf مخططات اتوكاد لمبنى المحكمة التجارية 1 Table of Contents InfoComm BIM Taskforce Members: David McNell, CTS-D, LEED AP, RTKL (Chair) Harry Allison, CTS-D, Waveguide Walter Black, Ph.D., VidCAD Documentation Programs Michael Cukrow, Middle Atlantic Products Kevin Harrison, Stardraw.com Todd Hutchins, CTS-D, Verrex Corporation Casey Sherred, Acoustic Dimensions Max Shirley, CTS-D, RCDD, Newcomb & Boyd Roneel Singh, CTS, WSP Lincolne Scott David Wilts, LEED AP BD+C, Crestron Electronics Foreword 2 Introduction to BIM in AV 3 Benefits of BIM 7 Considerations and Limitations of BIM 11 Changes to the Delivery Process 13 Key Steps to Successful BIM Implementation 15 Business Implications of BIM 17 The Future 19 Conclusion 21 Glossary 22 Appendices 24 Appendix I – Industry Association Publications 24 Appendix II – Relevant Blogs/Newsletters 24 Appendix III – Websites/Resources 24 Appendix IV – Software 25 3 Introduction to BIM in AV Recently, a quiet revolution has been taking place which will fundamentally change the very fabric of the audiovisual design and integration business. This revolution is the increased utilization of Building Information Modeling (BIM). BIM is described as: ... a digital representation of physical and functional characteristics of a facility. As such it serves as a shared knowledge resource for information about a facility forming a reliable basis for decisions during its life-cycle from inception onward. 1 To under stand the reason BIM is ascending in importance for the AV professional, we need to consider several facts. 1. Buildings consume huge proportions of our scarce resources. Resource allocation and reduction are major drivers toward BIM implementation, whether it be using renewable or recycled materials or reducing energy consumption. Stakeholders hope that BIM will be key in reducing construction resource consumption. 2. In 2004 the Construction Industry Institute estimated that 57% of money spent on construction is non- value-added—which is WASTE. 2 With the U.S. construction market estimated at US$1.288 trillion for 2008, at 57% waste, over $600 billion per year is being wasted. Figure 1: A large portion of the money spent in the construction industry is wasted, especially when compared to the manufacturing industry. This is a stark condemnation of the construction industry, which we need to examine. a. The bid process and resultant change orders have become the bane of many construction projects. More disputes arise and more adversarial positions are staked out because of actual or perceived changes in a construction project than for any other reason. Aggressive contractors will threaten slow-downs and work stoppages if they don’t get paid. Overbearing owners will insist that unknown conditions, extra features, and an expanded project are covered by the original bid price. 3 The major culprit here is probably the design-bid-build paradigm, in which each bidder should complete a rough design in order to provide accurate bids. However, since this is not paid, and even if a company wins 1 out of 10 bids, the engineering time for all 10 bids will be aggregated into its winning job. Plus, if you gave accurate bids, you would probably not be the low bidder. The bid is then written in such a way that any deviations result in change orders, normally paid by the owner. This leads to cost overruns, delays, antipathy and errors. Some owners prefer the design-build paradigm, which favors one contractor and one AV integrator. If the project is specified correctly, this reduces the bidding costs, but there is no communications vehicle between all of the contractors, causing change orders because a wall or ductwork appears where the AV system was to be installed. Thus, traditional design-build may reduce certain costs, but not eliminate errors and change orders .